![]() ![]() B) Population policies targeting women for unsafe contraceptives and harmful hormone based contraceptive researches, which violate bodily integrity and dignity of married and unmarried girls and women. Customary practices of female infanticide and neglect and abandonment of girl child, scientific techniques of sex determination tests used for female foeticide, pre-conception elimination of female embryo with the help of sex-preselection techniques. Control of women's fertility: A) Women being treated as male-child producing machine. Inference of A, B, C, D and E - Declining sex ratio – As per 2001 census (933 women per 1000 men), high mortality and morbidity rates. Food secures middle-aged women as honorary men. Daughters and brides kept on starvation diet. Nourishing and balanced diet as a male prerogative. E) Women eating last, the least and the left over. Here, women's insecurity about their looks is used by the cosmetic industry. Billion-dollar beauty business thrives by controlling young women so that they are incapable of using their body for manual chores. D) Need for male escorts, bodyguards for dainty, sickly and weak women who see their identity as anorexic women. In the commercial context, the same happens to women beneficiary of Maitri-Karar (friendship contract) and Seva-karar (Service contract). They enjoy only subversive power of a comfort woman that too, is mediated by men, as they don't have any legal rights. C) Women being treated as repository of custom and tradition and cultural practices, dedicated as devdasis, jogtis and forced to undergo series of masochistic fasting, scarification and self infliction of pain which make them unemployable and perpetually dependant on the patriarchs. Hostility towards women who ride bicycles, drive cars and scooters, operate machines and use ploughs for farming, wheels for pottery, saw for carpentry. B) "Tool" as a phallic symbol, not being allowed to be used by menstruating women as it is supposed to have contaminating influence. Control of women's sexuality A) Dress code which, restricts mobility of women and girls, does not allow her to do those chores which require flexible body movements, reduces her efficiency and employability in non-conventional occupations. To explain this concept, I would like to give some examples from popular culture: 1. GE contextualises day to day survival struggles of women in the family, in the households, in the community and in the micro, meso and macro economy with the perspective of power relations which control women and girl children's sexuality, fertility and labour. Priority areas being women's education, health and nutrition, skill development, accounts, financial and commercial viability, legal standing, asset and corpus building. GE provides insights to examine budgets of Government Organisations (GOs) and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) from the point of view of gender justice. GE has drawn heavily from all mainstream disciplines and innumerable social movements of the last three decades. Domestic animals, women and children are the main assets in the subsistence sector where collection of fuel, fodder, water are important components of daily life over and above agrarian chores, live-stock rearing and kitchen gardening. GE has a special significance in the subsistence economy, which uses the kinship networks, institutions of polygamy and polyandry for concentration and centralisation of wealth and capital by either the patriarchs or the matriarchs. ![]() 243 Analytical tools provided by Gender Economics (GE) are extremely useful to deal with the socio-economic and legal issues concerning women’s work life and family life-marriage, divorce, custody of children, guardianship rights, alimony, maintenance, property rights of mother, sister, daughter, legally wedded wives and her child/ children, co-wives and their children, keeps and their children and the issues concerning adoption. ![]() Vibhuti Patel, Professor and Head, Post Graduate Department of Economics SNDT Women’s University, 1 Nathibai Thakersey Road, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020 Mobile-9321040048 Telephone-26770227 ® and 22031879, Ex. POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT-APPROACH NOTE Dr. ![]()
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