![]() ![]() These organelles contain various oxidoreductase complexes. Mitochondria are the power houses of eukaryotic cells. In summary, oxidative stress symptoms have to be analyzed at different levels, including ROS production, scavenging capacity, and signs of destruction, which only together can be considered markers of mitochondrial ROS status. We present how to determine the extent of oxidation of membrane lipids and the carbonylation of mitochondrial proteins. The identification of oxidative damage to mitochondrial components is the ultimate symptom that ROS homeostasis is not under control. A method to determine glutathione, which is the most abundant mitochondrial low-mass antioxidant, is presented since changes in the redox state of glutathione can be indicative of the oxidative action of ROS.
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